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The efrapeptin family of peptide antibiotics produced by the fungus Tolypocladium niveum, and the neo-efrapeptins from the fungus Geotrichum candidum are inhibitors of F₁-ATPase with promising antitumor, antimalaria, and insecticidal activity. They are rich in C^α-dialkyl amino acids (Aib, Iva, Acc) and contain one β-alanine and several pipecolic acid residues. The C-terminus bears an unusual heterocyclic cationic cap. The efrapeptins C—G and three analogs of efrapeptin C were synthesized using α-azido carboxylic acids as masked amino acid derivatives. All compounds display inhibitory activity toward F₁-ATPase. The solution conformation of the peptides was investigated with electronic CD spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and VCD spectroscopy. All efrapeptins and efrapeptin analogs were shown to adopt helical conformations in solution. In the case of efrapeptin C VCD spectra proved that a 3₁₀-helix prevails. In addition, efrapeptin C was conformationally studied in detail with NMR and molecular modelling. Besides NOE distance restraints, residual dipolar couplings (RDC) observed upon partial alignment with stretched PDMS gels were used for the conformational analysis and confirmed the 3₁₀-helical conformation.
S. Weigelt, T. Huber, F. Hofmann, M. Jost, M. Ritzefeld, B. Luy, C. Freudenberger, Z. Majer, E. Vass, J.C. Greie, L. Panella, B. Kaptein, Q.B. Broxterman, H. Kessler, K. Altendorf, M. Hollósi, N. Sewald, Chem. Eur. J. 2012, 18, 478–487.