The family is a central factor influencing the development of individuals. Parental behavior in upbringing as well as basic family life are in many ways formative for children's behaviors. The current study explores the influence and relationship of parents' attitudes, values, and parenting behaviors on and with their children's attitudes and behaviors using sociological and neurobiological factors.
For the design of the current study, as a sociological approach, it is assumed that life history, social structures, partnership, and the social environment itself have an influence on parents' action decisions regarding parenting and parental behavior. These decisions directly affect children's values and norms, and thus indirectly affect children's action decisions regarding their behavior. In this context, the decision and exercise of parenting behavior, (e.g., with or without violence) can be related to personal attitudes and values as well as to one's own experienced parenting.
Neurobiological dispositions play an equally central role in the development of norms and values as well as the behavior of parents and their children. At the neurobiological level, a transference process takes place in the context of everyday parent-child interaction, which is reflected in the behavioral, physiological, and neural tuning of both interaction partners. Thus, it is known that parents and children adapt to each other during an interaction. For example, heartbeat, breathing, hormonal aspects but also brain activity become more similar. The current study investigates whether such adaptations (synchronicities) can explain the transmission of behavioral patterns, such as prosocial or rule-breaking behavior.
The theory on which the current study is based on, is called “Differential Susceptibility Theory”, the basic assumption of which is that some people are more receptive of environmental influences and developmental experiences than others - both for better and for worse. The theoretical model assumes that individuals vary in their susceptibility to environmental stimuli at the biological level, with increased susceptibility in turn increasing their receptivity to the environment during development.
Therefore, the effects of positive and negative influences over the life course may be more pronounced in some people if they are biologically more sensitive to them; the experience of violent behavior, for example, may have stronger consequences for these individuals than for those who, according to the theory, are less sensitive (susceptible) to environmental influences at the biological level.
The design of the family study consists of a written survey of the parents and a neurobiological examination of the parents and their child. Accordingly, the written part of the survey specifically addresses the environmental influences and developmental experiences of the individuals, and the neurobiological examination addresses the dimension of differences in susceptibility. The participants of this current study are former participants of the Duisburg crime survey with at least one child.
In terms of content, the study addresses the following aspects: